Housing portion of the luminaire, connecting a light to the infrastructure (ceiling, wall, pole, etc.)

Instrument furnishing artificial light.

Element that provides power to lights.

Mechanism controlling the power to a system of lights.

Any additional luminaire component that can be added (shield, bracket, shades, wiring, etc.)

Unit of measurement for the total amount of visible light emitted by a source. Higher lumens indicate brighter light.

Measure of electrical power consumed by a light source. It represents the energy used by the bulb.

Ratio of luminous flux to electrical power. Higher efficacy means more light output per watt.

Total quantity of light emitted by a source, measured in lumens (lm).

Unit of luminous intensity, measuring the intensity of light emitted in a specific direction.

Scale (0-100) that measures how accurately a light source displays colors in comparison to natural daylight.

Color appearance of light, measured in Kelvin (K), ranging from warm (below 3,000 K) to cool (above 5,000 K).

Angle at which light is emitted from a lamp or fixture, affecting how spread out or focused the light is.

Excessive brightness causing discomfort or visual impairment. Often minimized with diffusers or shields.

Unit of illumination, equal to one lumen per square meter. It measures the amount of light that falls on a surface.

Unit of illumination, equal to one lumen per square foot, commonly used in the U.S.

Refers to how light is spread across an area, including direct, diffuse, or mixed types of distribution.

Total amount of visible light illuminating a point on a surface from all directions above the surface

Measure of brightness from a light source which is taken through a light meters sensor at a horizontal position on a horizontal surface

Measure of brightness from a light source which is taken through a light meters sensor at a vertical position on a vertical surface

Describes the uniformity of light levels across an area. May be expressed as a ratio of average to minimum or maximum to minimum level of illumination for a given area. Lowest level of illumination should be no less than 1/4 the maximum level of illumination (4:1)

Numeric representation of distortion in the current waveform relative to the sinusoidal voltage waveform on the AC main. Harmonics are unwanted currents at multiples of the fundamental line frequency that create power losses, as awell as a buzzing sound.

Flickering that occurs in lighting environments that are not regulated correctly. The strobe effect represents an unwanted periodic or non periodic change of light and its effect on visual perception.

Electrical potential difference, electric pressure or electric tension per unit charge in a circuit or electric field. Measured in volts.

Rate at which electrical current flows through a conductor. Indicates how many electrons pass a specific point in a circuit each second.

Opposition that a material offers to the flow of electic current, it depends on factors such as the materials properties, length and cross-sectional area. Higher resistance indicates less current flow. Measured in ohms.

Unit for measuring frequency of oscillations when referring to electromagnetic waves. Measured as 1Hz = 1cycle/second

Material with electrical conductivity between a conductor and an insulator. Conductivity can be modified by adding impurities to crystal structure.

Traditional light bulb that produces light by heating a filament inside a glass bulb.

Type of incandescent lamp that uses a halogen gas to increase brightness and lifespan.

Long, tubular lighting commonly used in commercial and industrial applications, known for its efficiency and low cost.

Smaller version of the standard fluorescent light, more energy-efficient than incandescent bulbs.

Highly energy-efficient light source that produces light through the movement of electrons in semiconductor materials.

Category of lights including metal halide (MH), high-pressure sodium (HPS), and mercury vapor lamps, known for their high brightness and used for street and industrial lighting.

Wide-beam, high-intensity light used to illuminate outdoor areas or large spaces.

LED chip encased in a hard plastic with 2 straight, parallel connecting pins. Epoxy covering focuses produced light. DIP chips were used in some of the earliest general illumination LEDs, though they suffer from inherent heat management problems.

LED chip utilizing surface mount technology. Electron hole components are mounted directly onto the board surface, enabling smaller structure and better heat dissipation. Without relying on an epoxy covering, SMDs can achieve a broader beam angle. Lower energy flow leads to reduced energy and longer technological lifetime.

LED type utlizing lower power LED chips connected in series in parallel to eliminate the packaging of individual semiconductors. COB process reduces costs, weight and size. Chips can be mounted directly to lamp heat sinks, providing direct thermal dissipation. While not optimal for high intensity applications like street lights, COBs are ideal for filament style lamps.

LED style using multi-chip module technology to combine multiple integrated circuits(IC), semiconductor dies and other components into a singular substrate. Combined amalgamation can be used as a large IC, or divided into smaller "chiplets" the MCOBs can enable better transistor distribution. Great for low wattage situations.

High-intensity light source that produces light through rapid electrical pulses. Commonly used in specialized applications such as photography strobes, scientific instruments, and certain industrial lighting systems.

Fixtures installed into the ceiling to provide unobtrusive lighting, often used in modern design.

System of mounted lights along a track, allowing flexibility in positioning and direction of the lights.

Lighting designed to provide focused light for specific tasks (e.g., reading, cooking).

General lighting that provides overall illumination for a space.

Lighting used to highlight specific areas or objects in a room, like artwork or architectural features.

Daylight that enters a building, usually through windows or skylights.

Unbiased professional opinion of a property's value, conducted by a licensed appraiser.

Estimated amount for which a property would sell in an open and competitive market.

Price at which an asset would change hands between a willing buyer and a willing seller.

Value placed on property by a government authority for taxation purposes.

Value of a property as determined by an appraiser, typically used for mortgage lending purposes.

Sales data for similar properties used to assess the value of a property being appraised.

Decrease in property value over time due to wear and tear, age, or obsolescence.

Estimates value by the cost to replace or reproduce the property, minus depreciation.

Compares the property being valued with similar properties that have recently sold in the same area.

Used for income-producing properties, which estimates value based on the income the property is expected to generate.

Measure used in the income approach, calculating the ratio between the annual net income and the value of a property.

Income generated by a property after operating expenses are deducted, but before financing costs or taxes.

Total income from renting out a property before any expenses are deducted.

Valuation tool used for income-producing properties, calculated by dividing the property price by its gross rental income.

Document showing the list of tenants, rent amounts, lease terms, and other details of the rental income.

The percentage of vacant or unleased space in a property, which affects its income potential.

Measure used to evaluate the efficiency of an investment, calculated as (gain from investment - cost of investment) / cost of investment.

Costs associated with running and maintaining a property, such as utilities, maintenance, taxes, and insurance.

Major improvements or additions to a property that increase its value, as opposed to routine maintenance.

Use of borrowed capital (mortgage) to finance the purchase of property, which amplifies both potential returns and risks.

Property used for business purposes, including office buildings, retail spaces, and industrial properties.

Real estate used for manufacturing, distribution, or warehousing.

Land without any structures or improvements, often valued based on potential future use.

Properties that combine residential, commercial, and sometimes industrial uses in a single building or development.

Property intended for living purposes, including single-family homes, condominiums, and apartments.

The goal of the IACLEA is to advance public safety of educational institutions. The society represents over 1000 schools in the U.S., Europe, Australia, Canada and elsewhere.

Advocates that adequate design and proper use of the environment can reduce crime and fear of crime, thereby improving quality of life.

Organization commited to creating safer and improved environment through the application of CPTED principle and strategies.

Dual In-Line Package (DIP) chips were used in some of the first general illumination LEDs. The chip is encased in hard plastic with 2 straight parallel connecting pins. The epoxy covering focuses the light produced to a beam angle of approximately 60˚ or 45˚. Although DIP chips are still used today, they have a much lower efficiency than the newer LED chips. Delivering approximately 4 lumens per LED, they individually pull between 0.05 and 0.08 watts to generate between 35 and 80 lumens per watt. DIP have suffered from inherent heat management problems

Chip on Glass — an LED packaging technology where semiconductor chips are bonded directly onto a glass substrate. Enables thinner, lighter luminaire designs with efficient light transmission and good thermal management properties.